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World Agriculture
Facing its biggest challenge ever, due to population growth and climate change
We need to find game changers
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Rice
Plus 1?C could result in a decrease of yield by 10%
Plus 2?C is potentially catastrophic
New diseases as a consequence of a changing weather
We need to make crops climate ready
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UN Sustainable Development Goals
Proposed goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
2.5: by 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed
Crop diversity is a prerequisite for food security
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Diversity
200,000 varieties of rice
120,000 varieties of wheat
4,500 varieties of potatoes
35,000 varieties of finger millet
3,000 varieties of coconut
All are important because one might have the trait to increase nutritious value, fight disease, adapt to new climates, or produce higher yields
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Loss of diversity
Spain: had 400 melon varieties in 1970, only 12 today
China: lost 90% of rice varieties since 1950
Mexico: lost 80% of corn varieties since 1900
India: lost 90% of rice varieties since 1900
USA: lost 90% of fruit and vegetable varieties since 1900
Genetic uniformity creates vulnerability – resilience require options – options require diversity
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The Crop Trust work…
to ensure the conservation and availability
of crop diversity for food security
worldwide
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Crop diversity – a global common good
Crop diversity = breeders’ raw material
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The objective…
is a cost-effective, rational, and global system for the conservation of crop diversity
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Picture: Neil Palmer/CIAT
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault
801 752 varieties stored in the vault
The ultimate safety
back-up
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11 CGIAR Genebanks
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Rescued Crops Worldwide
59,429 seed and 13,615 vegetative accessions
in 226 collections
managed by 84 institutes
in 71 countries
12 000 varieties lost
-we were too late
-lost forever
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Crop Wild Relatives
Tough — with traits not found in domesticated varieties
Broadening the gene pool to search for useful traits
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Untapped opportunities
Vast pool of genetic resources in genebanks represent a treasure trove for crop improvement
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Genebanks used – but not effectively
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Genebanks - supermarket
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Applying cutting edge technology
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Labeling the cans
We can label all the genebank cans with rich information (disease, drought, nutrition, storage, yield), speed up breeding processes, make plants more resilient/climate ready and contribute substantially to food security
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Genebank database caos
7 million accessions in 1700 genebanks
> 2 million unique accessions
Lots of genebank databases, not all online
Characterization and evaluation data linked to accessions not easily available
Let alone genotypic data
Like finding a needle in a haystack
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GeneSys: A step forward
Single online portal global gateway to genetic resources
2.7 million accessions
300 genebanks: US, Europe, CGIAR
Passport data
Some morphological characterization and evaluation data
Not enough...
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The genomics revolution
Large-scale sequencing/genotyping efforts of genebank collections:
Seeds of Discovery (CIMMYT, Mexico)
120,000 wheat; 27,500 maize
3,000 rice accessions (BGI, CAAS, IRRI)
then 100,000 (whole collection)
Cassava collection (CIAT, Colombia)
National initiatives
Lots more no doubt coming...
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many stakeholders, many relevant past and ongoing projects
trait data
sequence data
passport data
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Beans
Bananas
Potatoes
Barley
Cassava
Forages
Stakeholders and partners
CWR
CWR
CWR
CWR
CWR
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DivSeek
DivSeek will mine the wealth of genetic resources to enhance food and nutritional security
Provide a common platform for sharing information and learning from each other
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DivSeek value propositions
link large-scale sequencing and phenotyping data to publicly available germplasm
simple, standardized formats and associated analysis tools
data shared according to agreed common standards and in form easily digestible by breeders and other genebank users
unified, coordinated and cohesive information management platform to provide easy access to genotypic and phenotypic data associated with genebank germplasm.
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Recent progress
Release of white paper and website www.divseek.org
Importance underlined at the Third Meeting of G20 Agricultural Chief Scientists
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The Endowment Fund
The Crop Diversity Fund (CDF)
Endowment today
$170 M
2014
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The Crop Diversity Fund (CDF)
Endowment today
Planned endowment size by 2018
$170 M
$850 M
2014
2018
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$500 M
2015
2018
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Burdensharing
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To date, 14 country donors have pledged the bulk of the endowment funding -- among them:
Australia, Germany, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
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Thank you
www.croptrust.org
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The DivSeek process
Community-driven process: various consultations over past 2 years, facilitated by Crop Trust
White Paper: Strategic road-map (see www.divseek.org)
Expressions of interest are to be circulated
Development of governance structure
Establishment of technical working group on standard setting and best practices
Facilitation Unit hosted by Crop Trust - joint implementation with the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture with inputs by CGIAR consortium office and the Global Plant Council